Fruchtbere Healmoanne: ferskil tusken ferzjes

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== Cosmopolitan diffusion==
== Cosmopolitan diffusion==
Modern analyses<ref name="PNAS">C. Loring Brace, Noriko Seguchi, Conrad B. Quintyn, Sherry C. Fox, A. Russell Nelson, Sotiris K. Manolis, and Pan Qifeng, "The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form," in [[PNAS|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] of the [[USA]] (Jan. 3, 2006). Vol. 103, No. 1, pp. 242-247. [http://www.pnas.org/content/103/1/242.full] [http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509801102 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509801102]</ref><ref>F. X. Ricaut, M. Waelkens, "Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements," in [[Human Biology]], [[Wayne State University Press]] (Aug. 2008). Vol. 80, Issue 5, pp. 535-564. [http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535] [http://dx.doi.org/10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535 doi: 10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535]</ref> comparing 24 craniofacial measurements reveal a predominantly cosmopolitan population within the pre-[[Neolithic]], [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] Fertile Crescent,<ref name="PNAS" /> supporting the view that a diverse population of peoples occupied this region during these time periods.<ref name="PNAS" /> In particular, evidence demonstrates a strong [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n presence within the region, especially among the [[Epipalaeolithic]] [[Natufian culture|Natufian]]s of [[Israel]].<ref name="PNAS" /><ref>Barker G (2002) Transitions to farming and pastoralism in North Africa, in Bellwood P, Renfrew C (2002), ''Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis'', pp 151–161.</ref><ref>Bar-Yosef O (1987) Pleistocene connections between Africa and SouthWest Asia: an archaeological perspective. ''The African Archaeological Review''; Chapter 5, pg 29-38</ref><ref>Kislev ME, Hartmann A, Bar-Yosef O (2006) Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley. ''Nature'' 312:1372–1374.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lancaster|first=Andrew|year=2009|url=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|volume=5|issue=1|title=Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35}}</ref><ref>Findings include remains of food items carried to the [[Levant]] from [[Africa]] —— [[Parthenocarpic]] [[ficus|fig]]s (please refer to prior reference: Kislev, Hartmann, Bar-Yosef, ''Nature,'' 2006) and [[Nile]] [[shellfish]] (please refer to [[Natufian culture#Long distance exchange]]).</ref> Similar arguments do not hold true, however, for the [[Basque people|Basque]]s and [[Canary Island]]ers of the same time period, as the studies demonstrate those ancient peoples to be "clearly associated with modern Europeans."<ref name="PNAS" /> Additionally no evidence from the studies demonstrates [[Cro-Magnon]] influences, contrary to former suggestions.<ref name="PNAS" />
Modern analyses<ref name="PNAS">C. Loring Brace, Noriko Seguchi, Conrad B. Quintyn, Sherry C. Fox, A. Russell Nelson, Sotiris K. Manolis, and Pan Qifeng, "The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form," in [[PNAS|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] of the [[USA]] (Jan. 3, 2006). Vol. 103, No. 1, pp. 242-247. [http://www.pnas.org/content/103/1/242.full] [http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509801102 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509801102]</ref><ref>F. X. Ricaut, M. Waelkens, "Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements," in [[Human Biology]], [[Wayne State University Press]] (Aug. 2008). Vol. 80, Issue 5, pp. 535-564. [http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535] [http://dx.doi.org/10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535 doi: 10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535]</ref> comparing 24 craniofacial measurements reveal a predominantly cosmopolitan population within the pre-[[Neolithic]], [[Neolitikum]] and [[Brûnstiid]] Fertile Crescent,<ref name="PNAS" /> supporting the view that a diverse population of peoples occupied this region during these time periods.<ref name="PNAS" /> In particular, evidence demonstrates a strong [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n presence within the region, especially among the [[Epipalaeolithic]] [[Natufian culture|Natufian]]s of [[Israel]].<ref name="PNAS" /><ref>Barker G (2002) Transitions to farming and pastoralism in North Africa, in Bellwood P, Renfrew C (2002), ''Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis'', pp 151–161.</ref><ref>Bar-Yosef O (1987) Pleistocene connections between Africa and SouthWest Asia: an archaeological perspective. ''The African Archaeological Review''; Chapter 5, pg 29-38</ref><ref>Kislev ME, Hartmann A, Bar-Yosef O (2006) Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley. ''Nature'' 312:1372–1374.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lancaster|first=Andrew|year=2009|url=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|volume=5|issue=1|title=Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35}}</ref><ref>Findings include remains of food items carried to the [[Levant]] from [[Afrika]] —— [[Parthenocarpic]] [[ficus|fig]]s (please refer to prior reference: Kislev, Hartmann, Bar-Yosef, ''Nature,'' 2006) and [[Nile]] [[shellfish]] (please refer to [[Natufian culture#Long distance exchange]]).</ref> Similar arguments do not hold true, however, for the [[Basque people|Basque]]s and [[Canary Island]]ers of the same time period, as the studies demonstrate those ancient peoples to be "clearly associated with modern Europeans."<ref name="PNAS" /> Additionally no evidence from the studies demonstrates [[Cro-Magnon]] influences, contrary to former suggestions.<ref name="PNAS" />


The studies further suggest a [[Demic diffusion|diffusion]] of this diverse population away from the Fertile Crescent, with the early migrants moving away from the [[Near East]] —— westward into [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]], northward to [[Crimea]], and eastward to [[Mongolia]].<ref name="PNAS" /> They took their agricultural practices with them and interbred with the [[hunter-gatherer]]s whom they subsequently came in contact with while perpetuating their farming practices. This supports prior [[Genetics|genetic]]<ref>Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA. 2002. [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/99/17/11008 Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model]. ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci''. 99(17): 11008-11013.</ref><ref>[http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03 Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004]</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1181965 Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004]</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1715849&blobtype=pdf Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool, Cavalli-Sforza 1997.]</ref><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/95/15/9053 Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene, Chikhi 1997.]</ref> and [[Archaeology|archaeological]]<ref name="PNAS" /><ref>M. Zvelebil, in ''Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming,'' M. Zvelebil (editor), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (1986) pp. 5-15, 167–188.</ref><ref>P. Bellwood, ''First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies,'' Blackwell: Malden, MA (2005).</ref><ref>M. Dokládal, J. Brožek, ''Curr. Anthropol. 2'' (1961) pp. 455–477.</ref><ref>O. Bar-Yosef, ''Evol. Anthropol. 6'' (1998) pp. 159–177.</ref><ref>M. Zvelebil, ''Antiquity 63'' (1989) pp. 379–383.</ref> studies which have all arrived at the same conclusion.
The studies further suggest a [[Demic diffusion|diffusion]] of this diverse population away from the Fertile Crescent, with the early migrants moving away from the [[Near East]] —— westward into [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]], northward to [[Krim]], and eastward to [[Mongoalje]].<ref name="PNAS" /> They took their agricultural practices with them and interbred with the [[hunter-gatherer]]s whom they subsequently came in contact with while perpetuating their farming practices. This supports prior [[Genetics|genetic]]<ref>Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA. 2002. [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/99/17/11008 Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model]. ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci''. 99(17): 11008-11013.</ref><ref>[http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03 Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004]</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1181965 Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004]</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1715849&blobtype=pdf Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool, Cavalli-Sforza 1997.]</ref><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/95/15/9053 Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene, Chikhi 1997.]</ref> and [[Archaeology|archaeological]]<ref name="PNAS" /><ref>M. Zvelebil, in ''Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming,'' M. Zvelebil (redaksje), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (1986) pp. 5-15, 167–188.</ref><ref>P. Bellwood, ''First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies,'' Blackwell: Malden, MA (2005).</ref><ref>M. Dokládal, J. Brožek, ''Curr. Anthropol. 2'' (1961) sdn. 455–477.</ref><ref>O. Bar-Yosef, ''Evol. Anthropol. 6'' (1998) pp. 159–177.</ref><ref>M. Zvelebil, ''Antiquity 63'' (1989) sdn. 379–383.</ref> studies which have all arrived at the same conclusion.


Consequently contemporary [[in-situ]] peoples absorbed the agricultural way of life of those early migrants who ventured out of the Fertile Crescent. This is contrary to the suggestion that the spread of agriculture disseminated out of the Fertile Crescent by way of sharing of knowledge.<ref name="PNAS" /> Instead the view now supported by a preponderance of the evidence is that it occurred by actual migration out of the region, coupled with subsequent interbreeding with indigenous local populations whom the migrants came in contact with.<ref name="PNAS" />
Consequently contemporary [[in-situ]] peoples absorbed the agricultural way of life of those early migrants who ventured out of the Fruchtbere Sichte. This is contrary to the suggestion that the spread of agriculture disseminated out of the Fertile Crescent by way of sharing of knowledge.<ref name="PNAS" /> Instead the view now supported by a preponderance of the evidence is that it occurred by actual migration out of the region, coupled with subsequent interbreeding with indigenous local populations whom the migrants came in contact with.<ref name="PNAS" />


The studies show also that not all present day [[Europe]]ans share strong genetic affinities to the [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] inhabitants of the Fertile Crescent;<ref name="PNAS" /> instead the closest ties to the Fertile Crescent rest with [[Southern Europe]]ans.<ref name="PNAS" /> The same study further demonstrates all present day [[Europe]]ans to be closely related.<ref name="PNAS" />
The studies show also that not all present day Jeropeërs share strong genetic affinities to the [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] inhabitants of the Fertile Crescent;<ref name="PNAS" /> instead the closest ties to the Fertile Crescent rest with Súdjeopanen.<ref name="PNAS" /> The same study further demonstrates all present day Jeropeanen to be closely related.<ref name="PNAS" />


{{boarnen|boarnefernijing=
{{boarnen|boarnefernijing=

De ferzje fan 6 mai 2010 om 17.20

Dizze side moat noch ferfryske wurde.


Lokaasje fan de it gebiet fan de 'Fruchtbere Sikkel'.

De Fruchtbere Heale Moanne of Fruchtbere Sichte is in gebiet yn it Midden-Easten, dat (parten fan) it tsjintwurdige Israel, Palestynske Autoriteit, Jordaanje, Libanon, Syrje, Irak en Turkije omfiemet. De term wurdt meastentiids brûkt om it argeologyske gebiet mei oan te tsjutten dêr't al hiel ier de lânbou yn ûntstien is.

Cosmopolitan diffusion

Modern analyses[1][2] comparing 24 craniofacial measurements reveal a predominantly cosmopolitan population within the pre-Neolithic, Neolitikum and Brûnstiid Fertile Crescent,[1] supporting the view that a diverse population of peoples occupied this region during these time periods.[1] In particular, evidence demonstrates a strong Sub-Saharan African presence within the region, especially among the Epipalaeolithic Natufians of Israel.[1][3][4][5][6][7] Similar arguments do not hold true, however, for the Basques and Canary Islanders of the same time period, as the studies demonstrate those ancient peoples to be "clearly associated with modern Europeans."[1] Additionally no evidence from the studies demonstrates Cro-Magnon influences, contrary to former suggestions.[1]

The studies further suggest a diffusion of this diverse population away from the Fertile Crescent, with the early migrants moving away from the Near East —— westward into Europe and North Africa, northward to Krim, and eastward to Mongoalje.[1] They took their agricultural practices with them and interbred with the hunter-gatherers whom they subsequently came in contact with while perpetuating their farming practices. This supports prior genetic[8][9][10][11][12] and archaeological[1][13][14][15][16][17] studies which have all arrived at the same conclusion.

Consequently contemporary in-situ peoples absorbed the agricultural way of life of those early migrants who ventured out of the Fruchtbere Sichte. This is contrary to the suggestion that the spread of agriculture disseminated out of the Fertile Crescent by way of sharing of knowledge.[1] Instead the view now supported by a preponderance of the evidence is that it occurred by actual migration out of the region, coupled with subsequent interbreeding with indigenous local populations whom the migrants came in contact with.[1]

The studies show also that not all present day Jeropeërs share strong genetic affinities to the Neolithic and Bronze Age inhabitants of the Fertile Crescent;[1] instead the closest ties to the Fertile Crescent rest with Súdjeopanen.[1] The same study further demonstrates all present day Jeropeanen to be closely related.[1]

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

Boarnen, noaten en/as referinsjes:
  1. 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 C. Loring Brace, Noriko Seguchi, Conrad B. Quintyn, Sherry C. Fox, A. Russell Nelson, Sotiris K. Manolis, and Pan Qifeng, "The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form," in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (Jan. 3, 2006). Vol. 103, No. 1, pp. 242-247. [1] doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509801102
  2. F. X. Ricaut, M. Waelkens, "Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements," in Human Biology, Wayne State University Press (Aug. 2008). Vol. 80, Issue 5, pp. 535-564. [2] doi: 10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535
  3. Barker G (2002) Transitions to farming and pastoralism in North Africa, in Bellwood P, Renfrew C (2002), Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis, pp 151–161.
  4. Bar-Yosef O (1987) Pleistocene connections between Africa and SouthWest Asia: an archaeological perspective. The African Archaeological Review; Chapter 5, pg 29-38
  5. Kislev ME, Hartmann A, Bar-Yosef O (2006) Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley. Nature 312:1372–1374.
  6. Berjocht:Cite journal
  7. Findings include remains of food items carried to the Levant from Afrika —— Parthenocarpic figs (please refer to prior reference: Kislev, Hartmann, Bar-Yosef, Nature, 2006) and Nile shellfish (please refer to Natufian culture#Long distance exchange).
  8. Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA. 2002. Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 99(17): 11008-11013.
  9. Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004
  10. Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004
  11. Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool, Cavalli-Sforza 1997.
  12. Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene, Chikhi 1997.
  13. M. Zvelebil, in Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming, M. Zvelebil (redaksje), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (1986) pp. 5-15, 167–188.
  14. P. Bellwood, First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies, Blackwell: Malden, MA (2005).
  15. M. Dokládal, J. Brožek, Curr. Anthropol. 2 (1961) sdn. 455–477.
  16. O. Bar-Yosef, Evol. Anthropol. 6 (1998) pp. 159–177.
  17. M. Zvelebil, Antiquity 63 (1989) sdn. 379–383.